dr mohit k ray

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Festschrift

** A Festschrift [ Widening Horizons: Essays in Honour of Professor Mohit K.Ray (ed. Rama Kundu, et al , New Delhi : Sarup & Sons, 2005) was brought out in my honour in March 2005. It was officially released by the poet Jayanta Mahapatra at Durg on 22 October 2005 in the UGC-sponsored Seminar and Workshop on “Indian Ethos in Anglo-Indian Literature”, organized by the PG & UG Department of English, Govt. Arts & Science College, Durg, Chhattishgarh .

 

 

Widening Horizons: Essays in Honour of Professor Mohit K.Ray New Delhi : Sarup & Sons, 2005)

[Chief Editor : Rama Kundu; Associate editors : Pradip K.Dey, Santwana haldar, Asit Biswas, Tanuka Das, Jayanta Bhattacharya, Pradipta Sengupta.]

Preface :

Here is our humble gift to Professor Mohit K.Ray who retired after forty-two years of service in various universities. We thank all the well-wishers, friends, admirers, and former students of Ray who have encouraged, inspired and actively contributed towards making it a successful venture.

As Professor Ray is a scholar of encyclopaedic range and lively interest in various literary and critical studies we decided not to focus not to focus on any specific area or; instead we kept it open in order to make this volume appropriately represent his varied interests and pursuits.

The results have been wonderful. Scholars from various corners of the world have contributed excellent essays on subjects ranging from literature to criticism and critical discourse, and from Arabic poetry to Dante's Italy, from Calderon's Spain to the Augustan England of Laurence Sterne, from the original German version of Goethe's Faust to its translations across lands and ages, from Wordsworth's autobiographical verse to the Tamil poet Subramania's Suya Sarithai (self-history), from an absorbed look into the fascinating letters of Keats, and the myth of St Dorothy to the devotional poetry of Christina Rossetti and Hopkins, from Aldous Huxley to the Vedant , from Gabriel Garcia Lorca in the Granadian carnival amidst gypsies in the lush landscape Andalusis to Hemingway's Santiago and his big fish in the far-off seas, from a scholarly grappling with Graham Swift's fictional domain in mainstream British tradition to a delightful look at the ‘serious comedy' of Barbara Trapido at the turn of the century, from Martel's migrant hero Pi sailing from his Pondicherry village home to Canada, sharing his boat with the Royal Bengal tiger in an open sea, to the ethnic minority's search for a ‘space' in the Canadian wilderness, from the torment of the deported ethnic minorities in America and Russia undergoing their historical ordeals to the rich and vivacious area of Afro-American female drama, and the Indian woman's persistent dig at the age-old wall of ‘that long silence', from Karnad's mythical world of Nag-Mandala , to a sweeping survey of post-independence Indian English literature till date. In addition to this fiesta of discourse on literature across lands and ages we have exciting insights into areas ranging from Aristotle and Bharata, from ekphrastic poems on Mona Lisa to the poetic responses of Tagore and Browning to the art of painting, from current literary/critical discourses and Edward Said to multiculturalism, popular culture and film study to make this rich volume. To add another kind of flavour there are also a few exquisite poems – and one interesting story attempting an intertextual re-opening of a Tagorean text.

We are personally indebted to the authors for making it such a rich volume and thus enabing us to pay our tribute to our esteemed teacher and colleague.

Elvira Osipova from St Petersburg was the first to send her paper and then came one after another: Juri Talvet from Estonia, Cheryl and David Malcolm from Poland, Yolonda from Spain, Gerlinde Sanford from USA, Mariaconcetta Costantini from Italy, Milada Frankova from Czechoslovakia, Vera Shamina from Moscow, Sabine Coelsch-Foisner from Austria, and finally Robert Young from England.

We are also deeply indebted to eminent scholars from different parts of India for so warmly responding to our request. Among them we have such illustrious academics as Professor Hiren Gohain of Assam, Professor M.Q.Khan of Orissa, Professor B.G.Tandon of Ujjain(M.P.), Professor Jagdish Dave of Patan (Gujarat), Dr A.S.Dani of Pune (M.S.), Professor S.Kanakraj of Madurai (Tamilnadu), DR Santwana Haldar of Balasore(Orissa), Professor Geetha rajashekharan of Kottayam (Kerala), Professor R.S.Sharma of Banaras, Professor and poet Shiv K.Kumar of Hyderabad (A.P.), Professor K.C.Baral of Shillong(Meghalaya), Professor Manish Choudhuri of Banaras(U.P.), Professor Rajnath of Allahabad(U.P.), Professor J.N.Patnaik of Bhubaneswar(Orissa), Professor and poet Niranjan Mohanty of Visva-Bharati (W.B.), Dr Gautam Sharma of Guwahati(Assam), Professor S.R.Jalote of Banaras, Profssor Raja Rao of Berhampore(Orissa). Last but not least is Professor Subhas Sarkar who brings in the personal touch through his wonderful frontispiece. It is indeed a galaxy of luminaries. This only shows the great love and esteem in which Professor Ray is held in the academic world of India and abroad.

Professor Ray had learnt at the feet of some eminent teachers like Subodh Sengupta, Taraknath Sen, Rabindra Kumar Dasgupta, Ramaranjan Mukherjee, et al , and has all along been held in deep affection by them. Inspired by these teachers in early youth Mohit K. Ray has made academic excellence his life-long pursuit . A dedicated academic all along, Ray still remains astonishingly busy writing, editing as well as serving the academia in the country in various capacities as a valuable resource person. He is also known for his remarkable skill at organizational and administrative tasks.

Though Professor Ray's main forte is criticism his range is amazing ; from Greek poetics to Indian aesthetics, from Classical criticism to the latest trends in modern literary theory, from ancient European classics to the latest masterpieces of recent Nobel-winners, and from the mainstream canon to the sprawling world of American and Postcolonial literatures, along with his admirable command in the oceanic zone of comparative literature and criticism.

The rich variety of Ray's intellectual output is yet marked by quality and a sort of unity. This unique unity derives from his fine literary sensibility which he reconciles with his scholarship in order to impart the joy of learning .

Ray has repeatedly put Burdwan on the world map in learned circles of the world, often being the only Indian representative to International Seminars and Conferences of the best order in the world, and has thus made us proud. [A brief bio-data of Professor Ray is attached in the Appendix which will speak for itself.]

 

It is, therefore, appropriate that scholars have offered essays on subjects as varied as to represent at least a summary view of the spectrum of Ray's scholarly interests and pursuits.

Instead of a formal Introduction we have in the First Section the ‘Foreword' from Professor R.K.Dasgupta, a note of ‘Blessing' from Professor Ramaranjan Mukherjee and a ‘Message' from Professor Sisir K.Das, -- all very senior and extremely distinguished eminent scholars --- along with the touching personal note from Professor Subhas Sarkar, a very senior and esteemed academic, and the excellent tribute of Robert Young, the Oxford Professor of astounding scholarship.

 

The volume opens with a short but very touching and warm introduction from Professor Subhas Sarkar , a distinguished scholar and friend of Ray, followed by Robert Young 's wonderful nostalgic reminiscence which is a delightful , sincere and moving tribute from one genuine academic and scholar to another. We fully share and appreciate the author's feelings about Professor Ray, to whom we look up as a teacher of teachers . Our special thanks to Professor Young, and Professor Sarkar for lending this exquisite touch to our volume.

 

This is followed by a fiesta of scholarly discourses on literature across lands and ages in Section II.

M.Q.Khan in his erudite exposition of the impact of contemporary Arabic poetry and culture on Dante's The Divine Comedy brings out the way intellectual communication was carried on, over a long period of time, between two races living in daily intercourse with each other.

Juri Talvet wonderfully explores the work of Pedro Calderón de la Barca , the great playwright of the Spanish “Golden Age“ and the European Baroque, who envisioned life as a fleeing dream and a mere theatre, and places Calderon in the tradition of the Auto Sacramental.

Yolanda Caballero Aceituno studies Laurence Sterne's two main works to highlight Sterne's message[ albeit a postmodern one] that texts should not be confined to fictional boundaries: rather, they should be designed to “do something” to real life, namely, to liberate readers. She also explodes the so-called Augustan stability as an artificial myth, while claiming that Laurence Sterne's works can be considered as counter-Augustan .

Goethe's Faust deals with the possibilities and limits of a human life in general. Gerlinde Ulm Sanford , a Faust scholar of long standing and international repute , devotes attention to selected aspects of 'translating' Faust , while also taking into account the dimension of performance, since 'performing' and 'translating' are linked to each other. While admitting the problems inherent in any translation of a play that is written in verse she brings out the unique difficulties and pleasures in the present case in view of Goethe's large variety of meter and verse forms, and especially because of the extremely rich and complex meaning of the text.

S. Kanakraj compares Wordsworth and Subramania Bharati, an Indian Tamil poet, as autobiographers in verse with reference to the Prelude -- “a remarkable unique poetic autobiography” and Bharati's Suya Sarithai or self history.

B.G.Tandon claims that to read Keats's poetry without exploring the ‘hidden treasures' of his letters is like trying to study Hamlet's mind without reference to his soliloquies since the letters show Keats in his elements – pure, uninhibited, spontaneous and thereby can be read as his autobiography as well as the poet's reflections on his great and not so great contemporaries, his meditations on life, philosophy, religion, politics, and on society, as art-criticism, as literary criticism, as prose, and, above all, as letters.

Mariaconcetta Costantini explores the myth of St. Dorothy as it is layered and re-inscribed by Hopkins and Christina Rossetti, and shows that like Rossetti, with whom Hopkins shared a whole range of thematic and stylistic features, Hopkins exploited at many levels the dialogic energy of the mythical episode, which he rewrote with a modern consciousness of the “polyphonic” quality of art.

Manish Choudhuri foregrounds the central concern of Aldous Huxley's writings from Eyeless in Gaza onwards as a search for a Vedantic solution – ‘Dying to self for achieving freedom' by striving to look beyond the self.

Gautam Sarma highlights the intersection of morbid obsession with death and robust lust for life in Lorca's poetry while attempting to unveil the intricacies underlying the conflicting impulses in the poet's response to life.

Geetha Rajshekharan examines Hemingway's celebrated work The Old Man and the Sea as addressing a number of issues of environmental ethics.

David Malcolm introduces us to the configuration of Graham Swift's recent novels which allows him to retain much of what is valuable in the realist tradition, but at the same time to permeate those traditional focuses with a contemporary awareness of the mode and thus achieve a fruitful and sophisticated compromise.

Milada Frankova places Trapido's fiction in the British tradition of comic novel while relating it to the postmodern society of the end of the millennium; she shows how Trapido's text -- ruled by a kind of ‘comic anarchy' as they are -- offers a unique combination of the serious with the comical which is the hallmark of Trapido's novel.

E.Raja Rao examines the ethnic minority's search for a ‘space' of its own in the Canadian context with reference to two novels by Ondaatjee and Laurence, --depicting the black protagonist in search of a “black space,” and the woman protagonist creating a “female space” .

Elvira Osipova sensitively captures the anguished literary responses to ethnic minority harassment in the United States and the Soviet Union at synchronic historical turns and compares the two historical situations, as they continue to be depicted in literature, to underscore the difference between the two states.

Vera Shamina draws our attention to Afro-American female theatre at the turn of the century, while highlighting the problem of identity and of overcoming deeply rooted stereotypes, which are related to both gender and racial issues as the major preoccupation of this drama.

Santwana Haldar Patra , on the other hand , draws our attention to the scenario of women's fiction of our time in the Indian context with particular reference to the emerging consciousness as illustrated by Shashi Deshpande – that ‘one writes to explore, to go past the façade, to say the unsaid, to break through the barriers'.

S.R.Jalote discusses Girish Karnad's use of myths, legends, folk-tales and historical events in the context of modern consciousness in his plays , with special focus on Karnad's well-known play Naga-Mandala.

R.S.Sharma makes a sweeping survey of post-independence Indian English literature till date in a nutshell which is both usefully informative and delightful to read.

In the Third Section, which offers a rich variety of essays on criticism , critical theory/approaches, art, and culture studies, A.P.Dani offers an erudite and superb comparative study of Greek concept of Catharsis with the Sanskrit theory of Sadharanikaran from the premise that a comparative view of the Western and Indian concepts of literary criticism could bring perceptive enlightenment in the hermeneutic explorations of the nature of creative literature and life.

Sabine Coelsch-Foisner looks at the response to a particular painting, i.e., ‘Mona Lisa' across frontiers and centuries, supporting her study with exhaustive scholarly information and aesthetic insight, whereas Jayanta Bhattacharya offers a fine sensitive response to the utterances of two contemporary poets in two continents vis-à-vis the art of painting.

Jagdish Dave 's delightfully polemical discourse on contemporary discourses leads us into fine home truths .

Hiren Gohain makes a perceptive critique of Edward Said's approach to the canon and his notion of the ‘instrumental' concept of culture from the premise that culture does have, within class-limitations, a critical function, and otherwise it becomes merely another name for propaganda.

Rajnath makes a thorough, scholarly, and penetrating analysis of Said's postcolonial theory and claims ,-- while the emphasis on imagination marks Said off from the Vulgar Marxists , Said will be remembered by posterity for pioneering a new trend in literary criticism rather than for his political writings.

K.C.Baral looks into the problematics of identity, location and diversity in the shifting terrains and contexts of the changing demographic scenario of migrancy and shows how in course of the fantastic voyage one can move beyond boundaries/closures of territorial and cultural spaces.

J.N.Patnaik examines the controversial and complex domain of popular culture from contemporary perspectives, whereas Cheryl Malcolm invites us to the screen world and sensitizes us to the late twentieth century perceptions of Jews, as reflected in the depiction of Jewish characters in American and British films, with particular reference to films such as Chariots of Fire and X-Men , which raise issues of national identities, marginalization, peripheral belonging, and the future face of Britain and America.

Shiv K.Kumar , the renowned poet , superbly recaptures in his poem the most famous and crystallized moment in The Mahabharata with all its grandeur and awe, whereas Pratima Ghosh envisions in her poem an intertextual situation in which Karna, from the Mahabharata , has a dialogue with Sophocles's Oedipus. Chaitali Garai, the youngest contributor, rewrites a most tragic story of Rabindranath Tagore (See Appendix II) from an angle of wishful thinking which is perhaps natural at her age.

The volume closes with the beautiful bunch of lyric offerings from Niranjan Mohanty , an eminent Indian English poet .

 

One thing remains to be mentioned: Ray's amiable disposition, his unassuming and most genuine warmth for all his friends—young and old. It is, indeed amazing to notice the wonderful love and admiration with which he is held equally by friends here and abroad, by senior scholars and academics and by young students, present and former, who are ever inspired by his cheerful, alert mind, and profound sympathetic heart. So when we broached the idea of this festschrift it was his name that worked the wonder. We had instant and warm response flowing from all corners of ‘home' and the ‘world'.

Here is just a glimpse of the kind of response that our proposal evinced. Vera Shamina wrote: “I will be happy to submit an article to the volume dedicated to such a wonderful personality as Professor Ray.” Robert Young wrote: “Many thanks … for your invitation to contribute to the volume of essays in honour of Prof. Mohit Ray. I should be honoured to send you an essay for this volume.” J.N.Patnaik wrote: “I was indeed delighted to know that you are planning to bring out a volume of essays in honour of my esteemed friend Mohitda. It is my privilege to be associated with the project. Professor K.C.Baral wrote: “I am glad that you are bringing out a volume in honour of Prof. Mohit Ray. I am sure the volume will be a tribute to a teacher who has dedicated his career to the promotion of English studies in so many ways… myself will be more than happy to contribute to the volume.” Gerlinde wrote: “I will be very happy to …contribute an article to a volume in honor of Professor Ray”. Sabine wrote: “Dear Rama, I shall contribute to your volume in honour of Mohit K.Ray with great pleasure.” Juri, away from Estonia at the time, yet took the trouble of looking into his papers and informed in his delightful way, “This is a philosophical theme, close to Mohit Ray's general interests: Comparative European contexts are also alluded to.” Mariaconcetta wrote: “It is me who has to thank you for your kind invitation”, and again, in another letter, “It will be an honour and a pleasure to me to contribute to the volume, because I esteem…Mohit.” Yolonda wrote: “Your invitation to contribute an article has made me feel honoured and I really thank you for having thought of me. I don´t know Mohit, but in his e-mails he seems a great person, most humble and humane, so I'll be pleased to send you an essay in his honour… I am really grateful to him”. David Malcolm wrote: “Thank you very much for your most kind invitation to contribute to the volume in honour of Professor Ray. I am very happy to do so.” Cheryl too wrote in the same vein: “I am very happy to send one [essay] … to the book for Mohit Ray.”

Visweswara Rao of Anantadev University wrote: “Delighted to hear about the essays in honour of Prof. Mohit Ray. I must, like you, revere his distinguished service to the promotion of literary studies.” Milada Frankova wrote: “It is a lovely surprise… Thank you for offering me to contribute to a volume in Professor Mohit K.Ray's honour. I shall be happy and honoured to do so.” S.R.Jalote wrote: “I have a great regard for Professor Mohit K.Ray, and I will certainly contribute an article of mine to the volume of essays which you plan to bring out in his honour.” Geetha Rajsekharan wrote: “I will be really glad to contribute an article for the volume you are bringing out in honour of Professor Mohit K. Ray. I had very memorable associations with him and cherish those few days of scholarly discussions and work.” Rajnath wrote: “I am glad that a volume is going to be brought out in honour of Professor Mohit K.Ray who is a friend of mine and a fine academic. He certainly deserves such an honour.” A.P.Dani wrote: “Kindly convey my best wishes for his happy, healthy and academically fruitful retired life. I have had a long association with him to benefit from his versatile academic achievements.” M.Q.Khan wrote: “I am happy to know that you have resolved to bring out a collection of essays in honour of Prof. Mohit Ray. …Prof. Ray is one of my very old and close friends and I feel it my pleasant duty to contribute a paper to your proposed work as a memento to Prof. Ray”.

We can draw the line with a passage from Professor Jagdish V. Dave's letter:

“Professor Ray's superannuation, I am sure, can never mean retirement from his lifelong vocation. How can one retire from one's devotion? He is one of the rare scholars whose learning and studious research have impressed me most. His presence will always be felt in your Department. His inspiration will always be alive in the work of his colleagues and pupils. And, I am sure, he will be available to your Department and the fraternity of the teachers and students of English whenever needed. Please convey my best regards to him and best wishes for sound health and evermore academically fruitful joy of further reading and research.

I am glad to learn that his former pupils and colleagues have planned to bring out a volume of essays in his honour….Best wishes …for the publication you have planned as a tribute to a great Professor.”

What these fine minds wrote about Professor Ray indeed bears evidence to the wave-length that should connect one true academic with another. We fully appreciate and share their views. That's the point of citing from these personal letters. We sincerely hope they won't mind.

 

We are grateful to all these friends and admirers of Ray, who helped us by contributing, and who enthused us with their goodwill. Some, like Visweswar Rao, Anisur Rahman, had responded very positively, though ultimately , because of the pressure of work could not contribute in spite of their expressed willingness. All are busy academics, some very senior ones among them, with crowded work schedules. Yet they had met with every request of us kindly, patiently, and promptly. Otherwise it would not have been possible for us to bring the book out within stipulated time. We don't know how to thank them enough. We are also grateful to friends like Dr Rajimwale and Dr Rashmi Gaur, and deeply regret our inability to accommodate their fine articles for the pressure on space.

We are most deeply indebted to Dr Rabindra Kumar Dasgupta for writing the ‘Foreword'. An eminent Professor of English and Comparative Literature Dr Dasgupta taught in different universities of the world from Delhi to Edmonton , Jadavpur to Louisiana . Dr Dasgupta is an outstanding academic, who is a legend in the academic world of the country, and has graced various academic positions within the country and abroad in his long and chequered career—from the Tagore Professor of Bengali in Delhi University, to Professor of Comparative Literature in Edmonton, to Visiting Professor of Renaissance in St Louisiana of USA, Visiting professor of English at Jadavpur University, Calcutta—and retired as the first Director of the National Library of India in 1980. Professor R.K.Dasgupta, in spite of his advanced years (ninety plus) and ailing health, took keen interest in the festschrift and inspired and encouraged us all along in this work.

Professor Mohit Ray is a former student of Professor R.K.Dasgupta, who holds him in great affection. Ray also considers himself fortunate at being the pupil of Professor Ramaranjan Mukherjee , a living legend in the domain of Sanskrit scholarship in India and abroad, and also a person known for his legendary magnanimity. Professor Mukherjee's note of blessing is our invaluable treasure. Professor Mukherjee, who is still very active – both academically and as a committed humanitarian—still found out time for us and inspired us to any extent. We don't know how to express our gratitude in words.

We are also deeply grateful to Professor Sisir Kumar Das, a most respected senior colleague of Ray, and a noted scholar of great renown who combines an extraordinary integrity with the superb ‘sweetness and light' of the cultured personality, for encouraging us and for writing a wonderful message for this volume to Professor Ray.

It is with deep gratitude that we mention these three intellectual stalwarts and extraordinary personalities for blessing our effort with their precious benediction and inspiration.

Before concluding this grateful acknowledgment we must make a special mention of someone who had been the guiding spirit behind this volume since the day we started the work till its completion. That is Professor Hiren Gohain, the eminent humanist and a retired Professor of English, a friend of Ray since their college days. Months ago he wrote: “Accept my … good wishes for some forthcoming event. How is the book for Mohit proceeding?” It was his eager interest in the project, his unstinted moral support, his unfailing loving solicitation that did not allow us to flag and kept us going through this delightfully challenging job in joy.

 

Editors

CONTRIBUTORS to the Festschrift for Professor Ray include :

Yolonda Caballero Aceituno … Departmento de Filologia Inglesa, faculdade Humanidades y CC.CC.de la Educación, Edif.D-2, University of Jaen. — Jaen , Spain .

K.C.Baral… Professor of English, and Director, CIEFL, Shillong.

Sabine Coelsch-Foisner . Professor of English Literature and Cultural Theory at the University of Salzburg , Austria .

Mariaconcetta Costantini… Associate Professor, University of Pescara , Italy .

Manish Chaudhuri …Former Professor of English and Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Benaras Hindu University . Varanasi .

A.P.Dani …Former Reader and Head of the P.G.Department of English at Fergusson College , Pune.

Jagdish Dave… Professor and Head . Department of English. Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University , Patan.

Milada Frankova… Associate Professor. Department of English & American Studies. Faculty of Arts. Masaryk University . Brno , Czech Republic .

Chaitali Garai … Student, Post-Graduate Department of English, Burdwan University , Burdwan, W.B.

Pratima Ghosh… Former IIS, Govt of India; former Professor, Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Dhenkanal, Orissa.

Hiren Gohain … Professor of English[retd] and Former Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Gauhati University, Gauhati, Assam

Santwana Haldar Patra … Reader in English. F.M.Auto. College . Balasore. Orissa.

S.R.Jalote … Professor of English. Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi .

S. Kanakraj … Professor and Head of the Department of English. DDE. Madurai University , Madurai , Tamilnadu.

M.Q.Khan .. Professor of English[retd], Forer Vice-Chancellor, Berhampore University , Berhampore, Orissa.

Shiv K.Kumar … Poet and Professor of English[retd]. Osmania University , Hyderabad .

Cheryl Alexander Malcolm … Associate Professor of English at the University of Gdansk . Poland .

David Malcolm … Professor of English Literature and Chair of the Department of Literary Studies in the English Institute of the University of Gdansk , Poland .

Niranjan Mohanty … Professor of English.Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, Bolpur, West Bengal .

Elvira Osipova , Professor at St.Petersburg University , Petersburg , Russia .

J.N.Patnaik …Professor of English[retd.], Utkal University , Bhubaneswar , Orissa.

Geetha Rajashekharan… Professor. School of Letters . Mahatma Gandhi UNiversity . Kottayam. Kerala

Rajnath … Professor of English, Allahabad University , Allahabad . U.P.

Rao, E. Raja … Former Professor of English, Berhampore University , Orissa; former Director of the Centre for Canadian Studies, Berhampore University , Orissa.

Gerlinde Ulm Sanford …Professor, Department of Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics at Syracuse University in the USA .

Vera Shamina … Associate Professor. Kazan State University . Kazan . Russia

Subhas Sarkar … Professor of English[retd], Rabindrabharati University , Kolkata.

Gautam Sharma … Reader in English, Cotton College , Guwahati , Assam .

R.S.Sharma … Professor of English, Sana'a University, Republic of Yemen .

Juri Talvet …Professor and Chair of Comparative Literature, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia .

B.G.Tandon… Professor of English [retd]. Vikram University , Ujjain . M.P.

Robert J.C.Young… Professor of English and Critical Theory.University of Oxford . Wadham College , Oxford .